rizal's professor in ophthalmology at the university of heidelberg rizal's professor in ophthalmology at the university of heidelberg

The Philippine War raged between the Filipinos and the United States until 1902 when the U.S. agreed to create a Filipino national assembly. When faced with a preposterous charge of an angry cousin, she received no assistance from Spanish officials, whom the Rizals had entertained in their home and had considered friends. CTamesis All Rights Reserved. For two years after his death, Spain fought to maintain its empire not just in the Philippines but also in Cuba and Puerto Rico. During springtime, fragrant flowers can be seen in abundance and in bloom in both the public gardens, plazas, squares, in private lots and along the cool banks of the Neckar River and the entire University town. : 082 297 4360 Spanish colonization had both economic and religious motivations. The Jose Rizal College was dedicated to his honor in Manila in 1919. The operative wound gaped, the iris prolapsed and now there is violent inflammation. However, one could obtain a doctoral degree, similar to a contemporary American doctoral degree, after passing examinations and writing an approved thesis. Rizal practiced ophthalmology, mainly in Calamba (August 1887-February 1888), Hong Kong (November 1891-June 1892), and while in exile in the town of Dapitan (July 1892-July 1896). He bought land and farmed it. In his December 15, 1898 manifesto . His experiences in Germany caused him to put so much emphasis on education, diligence, democratic and civil rights, through which he wanted to achieve freedom for his country and its people, according to the Geocities Archives. Despite concerns for his safety, Rizal returned to his hometown in 1887 and practiced ophthalmology and general medicine for nearly a year. 2. Most postgraduate training was obtained in preceptorships under the tutelage of well-known professors. What matters death if one dies for what one loves, for native land and adored beings?2(p15). Rizal left Paris for Germany. A site marker praises Rizal as extensively educated, widely travelled and an exceptionally gifted linguist and extols his exemplary social and political commitment reflected in his work as a doctor, writer and artist.. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. he enrolled in Heidelberg to specialize in ophthalmology. In 1886 he came from Paris to Heidelberg to study under Prof. Dr. Otto Becker. Click here to review the details. His brother and sisters were all well-educated and his family's private library, of more than 1000 volumes, was quite possibly the largest in the Philippines at that time. Due to time constraints and our planned itinerary to Wilhelmsfeld, I barely had the time to tour the library and research on Rizals academic records and his activities. His dedication to both was clearly remarkable. Rizal was only 25 years old when he first arrived in Heidelberg, Germany. Dedicated to Dr. Jose Rizals centennial by the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas, the Catholic University of the Philippines in its 350th anniversary, (Manila, Philippines, Novel 1961. editor [at] mindanews.com, A SOJOURNERS VIEW: Truth-telling Through the Cinema, SOMEONE ELSES WINDOWS: Vague lessons from a distant land, COMMENTARY: Finding the Indigenous Voice in Environmental Journalism: Lessons from Kenya, Senate bills to address teen pregnancy a welcome development, says intl NGO. His portrait appears on the Filipino 2-peso bill. Ravin TB. She further looked through the old records checking on all possible sources with no success. August 6, 1886 - 5th centenary of the famous University of Heidelberg 2 days before his departure. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Rizal made a crayon sketch of him. When Rizal was granted permission to serve as medical officer in Cuba in 1896, the townspeople were sad to see him leave. Born in 1861 into a prosperous Chinese mestizo family in Laguna Province, he displayed great intelligence at an early age. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker. Filipinos knew him as a miracle worker who could give sight to the blind. - Outside of Rizal's working hours at Dr. Weckert's clinic, Rizal relaxed by visiting his friends ________________, ________ and _________. Rizal has become a symbol of the Philippine struggle for independence, and he is known there as the national hero. Bernhard Dahm is a professor emeritus of University of Passau in Germany. Jos Rizal: Philippine National Hero and Ophthalmologist | Ophthalmology | JAMA Ophthalmology | JAMA Network Jos Rizal (1861-1896) is one of the most revered figures in Philippine history. It was here where Rizal finished one of his novels. Paz Pardo de Tavera. Arch Ophthalmol. - Rizal befriended this editor of the newspaper La Publicidad. He traveled through Hong Kong, Japan, America, and Europe, focusing his work on scholarly research and political writing. In Heidelberg, Rizal had studied the German language; attended lectures in ophthalmology as an observer at the Alte Universitat (Germanys oldest university founded in 1386), and trained under two outstanding ophthalmologists in the university eye-clinic, according to an article written by Ramon M. Roda, a retired professor of Spanish and Rizal course in Manila who had visited Heidelberg in 1998. In 1888, he yielded to pressure from family and friends to leave the Philippines again. Throughout his 4-year exile in Dapitan, Rizal kept very busy employing all his talents. - he was the director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria. Holding to his policy of truth and directness, Rizal sent copies of the book directly to the governor general and the archbishop. The world lost an exemplary citizen, a multitalented man with a brilliant mind. After completing his studies in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to specialize in ophthalmology. Rizal was also a physician who trained in ophthalmology under 2 prominent European ophthalmologists, Louis de Wecker and Otto Becker. According to a report, Although Becker might have taught at Ruperto Carola University, Heidelberg, no documentary evidence shows that Dr. Rizal, indeed, studied in said university., Another Rizalist mentioned that one who is learning German, staying about three months in Heidelberg and three months in Wilhelmsfeld, could not possibly be expected to enroll in said university where the medium of instruction could only be German, and graduate in Medicine from such institution of higher learning within a few months.. So to be able to correspond in an email interview was a rare opportunity to unravel the, BRONZE statue of Jose Rizal at Wilhelmsfeld. Famous for its old university and romantic surroundings. To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology (specifically on the ocular fundus). One of the last stanzas of "Ultimo Adios" (Final Farewell) shows his selfless devotion to his country, his loyalty to his family, his deep spirituality despite criticism of the church, and his artistic grace. In the 1860s Prof. Hermann Knapp made architectural plans for the first Eye Clinic building. Wecker, he moved to Germany, arriving in Heidelberg on 7 February 1886, where he took up lodgings and trained under Otto Becker, an Austrian eye specialist and professor at the University of Heidelberg. He wanted to treat his mothers eyes that has cataracts. [1] Located in the Kopfklinik on the Im Neuenheimerfeld Campus of the University of Heidelberg, it was prior to that in the city's Bergheim district. He stayed two days in this city. Dr. Louis de Weckert. Privacy Policy| Taught first by his cultured mother, and later by private tutors, the young Rizal grew up in an intellectually stimulating atmosphere. Concurrently, Rizal was writing another controversial novel, El Filibusterismo, which was published in 1891. Now I can understand why it is prohibited for one to treat members of his family.3(p65). . The colonial government quickly branded Rizal a revolutionary and banished him to Dapitan. At Heidelberg, he studied under the famed professor Otto Becker (1828-1890). . To further his studies of sciences and languages Jose Rizal,heidelberg,rizal at 150. Rizal arrived in Heidelberg, Germany on February 3, 1886. His sorrowingheat began to sing once more with joy and his health improved withremarkable swiftness.Writing from Biarritz to Mariano Ponce on February 11, 1891 he said: I have put on much weight since I arrived here; my cheeks are no longer shrunken as before for the reason that I go to bed early and I have no cares, In May of 1882, Jose Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents of his intentions. To gain further knowledge of ophtalmology In Berlin Rizal met Rudolph Virchow, the"father of pathology," who invited him to become a member of the Berlin Anthropological Society. Outraged by the death of their hero, Filipinos rallied to the cause of independence, starting the rebellion that would eventually end Spanish control of the Philippines. Tel. They admire it that Rizal translated Wilhelm Tell, the work of Friedrich Schiller, a German poet, into Tagalog. Jose Rizal (1861-1896) grew up in the colonial Philippines, under the rule of Spain. In the second, he addressed his compatriots, acknowledging his dangerous position, and reiterating his unwavering beliefs: The step that I have taken, or about to take, is undoubtedly very perilous, and I need not say that I have pondered it a great deal. Before setting sail for his homeland, Rizal drafted 2 letters, which he requested to be published after his death. For an estimated 45 million people worldwide,, Rizal now is a very happy man, immediately sent on this date two printed copies to Hong kong (one for Basa and the other for Sixto Lopez), The most outstanding Propagandist was Jos Rizal, a physician, scholar, scientist, and writer. After a few months stay in Paris, Rizal left for Heidelberg, Germany on February 1, 1886. We Dont Live in that World Yet, Fossil announces next generation of wearables the first powered by the latest Qualcomm Snapdragon Wear 4100+ Platform, Dont look down: Vietnam glass-bottomed bridge targets thrill-seekers. Heidelberg was one of the best places that Rizal visited during his one-and-a half year sojourn in Germany so much so that barely two days after his arrival here, he immediately fell in love with the historic and romantic city. In Heidelberg, Rizal met Pastor Karl Ullmer, a Protestant, who later became one of Rizals devoted friends. Rizal, therefore, just attended lectures and conferences in ophthalmology under Dr Javier Galezousky and Dr. Otto Becker, director of the Augen Klinic.. His specialized skills brought him fame, and patients often traveled long distances to seek his care. Rizal was an ophthalmologist who had trained in Europe, in Madrid, Paris, Berlin and Heidelberg. Like Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo dealt with Filipino society and its need for change. Nothing can quiet her and she reads and goes to bright lights and rubs her eyes. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The Council, thirsty for revenge of the disorder caused by the uprisings, sentenced him to death and quickly executed him. He chose this field of medicine out of his love on the subject but, more importantly his love for his mother & to heal her from turning blind he desired to restor. At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned professor, Otto Becker. On the way back to the University campus, this writer had a glimpse of German women on their way to their classes. The elderly genial lady after having ascertained that I was a Rizal professor from University of Santo Tomas, Philippines, welcomed our group and led us to the records section. No problem. As we commemorate our hero's martyrdom, I would rather dwell not on his dying for our country which we and students very well know, but on how well he lived and loved living in Heidelberg, punctuated by homesickness. In Germany, I am told that this is taught well, but one has to be registered and pay a sum of 10$ a month. In Calamba in 1887, Rizal finally began to fulfill his lifelong dream of caring for his mother's eyesight. You can see the castle from miles away it presides over the city like a king on his throne. 14. According to Noli Ramos, Commander of the Knights of Rizal in London, Rizal had two reasons why he studied in Germany. He was dismayed by her postoperative course, however, as she disobeyed his instructions and removed the bandages prematurely. MEANDER by Art Portal Gallery for Contemporary Art, 6.9 quake hits Mindanao; shoppers, employees feared trapped as shopping center in Padada collapses, Enforcement of QR coding system in Davao City moved to Nov. 23. It appears that you have an ad-blocker running. Later, he also translated into Tagalog for his nephews and nieces ______________________. 2. It has been said, however, that Rizal really only had 2 patients: his mother and his country. . Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. - Rizal wrote from _______ to Friedrich (Fritz), son of Pastor Ullmer where he thanked Fritz's father and mother for having him in their hospitable parish house. I have lifted the curtain in order to show what is behind the deceitful and dazzling promises of our government.2(p7-8). (The licentiate is an undergraduate degree similar to the American bachelor's degree but with a more vocational focus. Essays in which Rizal argued that the religion-centered educationparalyzed the potentials ofthe Filipinos to advance or excel. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. - Rizal worked in the University Eye Hospital of University of heidelberg under this distinguished German opthlamologist and attended his lecture and professor _____ at the university. In 1872, Burgos and 2 other priests were accused of complicity in a mutiny at a military arsenal south of Manila. But the respect and admiration of Germans is clear for this scholar who learned their language and way of life and appreciated their culture and natural beauty. This group began the Philippine revolution in earnest. - engaged in gymnastics and fencing and continued the physical training under his sports-minded Tio Manuel. Draw the AON network and answer the questions that follow. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Without much difficulty using a GPS, we drove through low hills and small forests and found the Rizal Park in the quaint town of Wilhelmsfeld, some 12 miles away from Heidelberg. - They were Dr. Karl Ullmer's two children. He was professor of ophthalmology at the University of Heidelberg from 1868 to 1890 On his way back to de Wecker's clinic in Paris in 1887, Rizal took time to travel through Europe to learn from and visit with some additional prominent ophthalmologists and scientists (Ernst Fuchs, Rudolph Virchow) In Calamba in 1887, Rizal finally . He defended his beliefs to his death. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents: "I spend half of the day in the study of German and . However, when Rizal arrived at Manila to embark for Cuba, he was detained and held prisoner. Yes, Dr. Jose Rizal was a real ophthalmologist Ma. He attended the lectures of Dr. Otto Becker and professor Wilhelm Kuehne at the University of Heidelberg. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. - During week-ends, Tizal visited the scenic spots aroung Heidelberg including the famous ________________, the romantic ________________, the theater, and the old churches. Once, as a young man, Rizal did not recognize a lieutenant of the civil guard in the dark of night and was beaten for failing to salute him. He sent frequent letters to his family describing what he was learning in Paris, such as this excerpt from 1886: From 50 to 100 patients go daily to the clinic of Wecker; there are days when they perform as many as 10 major operations. Ramon M. Roda is a retired professor of Spanish and Rizal Course of the College of Commerce and Business Administration of University of Santo Tomas, and a recipient of study travel grants from the Spanish government for postgraduate studies in Madrid and Santander. 2. His full name was Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonzo Realonda. He wrote a text on the anatomy of the normal and diseased lens and collected more than 1800 pathologic specimens.4 Rizal spent the next 6 months working as assistant to Becker. 12 Ludwigsplatz, near the University. If we were in the midst of winter, it would cost me more for I would have to spend for the heating. 2023 American Medical Association. Photo by Abner Mercado, ABS-CBN News. Jose Rizal's Educational Background. The German woman is serious, studious and diligent, and they do not pay much attention to their clothes nor to jewels, he wrote. - three days after the fifth centenary celebration fo the University of Heidelberg, Rizal left the city. Dr. Ambeth R. Ocampo is a very well-known and authoritative historian in the Philippines. He was fighting using his writing prowess against bad friars and abusive government officials. - In Berlin, Rizal was not a mere student or a curious artist. History of Heidelberg University Eye Hospital, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Heidelberg Opthalmologist [sic] ranked 16 of the 100 most influential people in Ophthalmology", "Surgical Professors at the University of Heidelberg", "150 years of Ophthalmology in Heidelberg", "UniversittsKlinikum Heidelberg: Willkommen", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heidelberg_University_Eye_Clinic&oldid=1039085662, Articles needing additional references from January 2018, All articles needing additional references, Germany articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 1868 Foundation of the Heidelberg University Eye Hospital, This page was last edited on 16 August 2021, at 15:59. Ang may-ari ng bahay ay ang kanyang matalik na kaibigan na si Father Ullmer," said Ramos. . Dominga B. Padilla, MD, FPAO By any standard, our national hero, Jose Rizal, is one of the most interesting, brilliant, enigmatic, charismatic, and controversial figures in history. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Geocities Archives reveals the contents of a letter dated April 24, 1886 that Rizal wrote (in German) in reply to Pastor Ullmers offer: I have been told the people of Wilhelmsfeld do not speak a correct German, rather a dialect. Prof. Otto Becker took the first official chair in Ophthalmology in the University Hospital Eye Clinic, in 1868.[3]. . In 1898 the United States of America officially entered the conflict by declaring war on Spain. Express this toll in deaths per day. February 3, 1886 I requested to see Jose Rizals name among those enrolled in the university in 1886. Rebellions had broken out in the Philippines and were being associated with Rizal. Born 40 miles south of Manila at Calamba, into a prominent Filipino family, Jos was the seventh of 11 children. In his mood of homesickness, he wrote on April 22, 1886, a fine poem ____________________. . He fmodified cataract and strabismus surgery, devised a new method of enucleation, advocated sclerotomy for This was done ostensibly to help the people of Cuba, but many in America suspected that the United States had colonial aspirations of its own. Butter boards, Last chance to join GCashs Lucky Load Promo for a chance to win 100K, Kanye West takes shots at Pete Davidson after Kim Kardashian breakup, Academy names new CEO after years of Oscars drama, reforms, Someday, Gay Marriages Will Become Unnecessary. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? I have attempted to do what nobody had wished to do. After a walking tour of Germanys oldest university, I had the opportunity to visit the registrars office through the kind assistance of the couple. At that time the Philippines declared independence again and attempted to establish a Republic. Approximately 32,30032,30032,300 Americans died in automobile accidents in 201220122012. Rizal said the word connoted "a dangerous patriot who will soon be hanged. There we were, a group of Filipinos trying to reflect on our national heros stay in Germany more than a century ago. Rizal on German women. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. BERN, Switzerland (MindaNews / 25 September) Little do Filipino visitors to Germany know that there is a Rizal Park and even a Jose Rizal Street in Germany, built by Filipinos and Germans alike to honor Rizals stay and friendships made in Germany and in appreciation of his German scholarship. You can read the details below. He was exiled to the remote town of Dapitan on the Philippine island of Mindanao. From Paris, Rizal transferred to Heidelberg where he stayed for 6 months (February 3August 9, 1886). 8 How old was Jose Rizal when he lived in Heidelberg? The university is named Ruperto Carola, after the two founders Ruprecht and Karl Fiedrick, and is said to be the third university after Praque and Vienna to be found in the whole German-speaking part of Central Europe. August 14, 1886 - Rizal arrived in Leipzig and stayed there until October 29, 1886. 2023 ABS-CBN Corporation. In October 1998, or 112 years after Rizal's arrival in Heidelberg, I . He was awarded the Degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 19, 1885 (his 24th birthday) with the rating of excellent., Ophthalmic Studies of Rizal in Paris and Heidelberg, Ophthalmic Studies in Paris and Heidelberg. During this time, he wrote articles for La Solidaridad, a Filipino reformist newspaper based in Madrid. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Thus, the friars held political control at the local level of government. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Does your barangay provide these services? . The case reports include the patients' history, physical findings, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment, including prescriptions, diet, course, and even autopsy findings. He serve as assistant to the famous oculists of Europe. . : (02) 345-2452 Mobile No. Attending some lessons, or sitting in some lectures as guest student could be very possible. The young Rizal arrived in Heidelberg on Feb. 3, 1886, from Paris and immediately fell in love with the beautiful city. One of these stops is Germany where he studied. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Courtesy of the National Historical Institute, Manila, the Phillipines. Today, there are three Rizal museums in the Philippines celebrating his life and work. He was internationally known for his two novels that made the Filipinos aware of Spanish injustices and eventually fought for and achieved independence after a bloody revolution which was triggered by his death on December 30, 1896. Rizal was serious about his study in Ophthalmolgy. It is enough to form only the habit of study and later everything goes by itself.. Did Rizal study in Heidelberg? Dr. Rizal returned to the Philippines in 1892. Every year, thousands of tourists flock here from all over the world. It is composed of independent, professional journalists who believe and practice people empowerment through media. 1. 4 Can you describe Heidelberg as a city in West Germany? - Rizal worked as an assistant to him, who was a leading French ophthalmologist, from November 1885 to February 1886. At the same time, he wants to learn the language. Having come from Paris on February 3, 1886 he completed his ophtalmological studies at the University Eye Clinic Heidelberg, Bergheimer Str. He left Paris due to its high cost of living, which he could not cope with. I was shown a list of related materials in their computer files and was told that Jose Rizals name did not exist as a student in any of its faculties for the year mentioned. A page from the Geocities Archive Project reveals the humble life that our national hero lived as a student in Germany. It was three days before his departure and he was sad because he had come to love the beautiful city and its hospitable people. - The beautiful spring flowers reminded Rizal of the blooming flowers at the garden of his home in Calamba. The friar curate in each parish could effectively also serve as the local tax collector, inspector of schools, census taker, and chair of the boards of charity, health, and public works.5 Higher education in the Philippines was run entirely by the clergy. According to literary experts, this poem revealed that Rizal was homesick for the Philippines. The Spanish-American War ended 5 months after it began resulting in the U.S. gaining the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and Hawaii. He resided in a German boarding house. IN HEIDELBERG (Feb. 1, 1886): Rizal's main purposes of staying in Germany: 1. Summer Cultural Series 8.. As a graduate in medicine from Spain with a license to practice (also from Spain), he was allowed to attend lectures and observe medical . While abroad, Dr. Rizal published two satirical novels that indicted the Spanish and the role of the Catholic clergy in the rule of the Philippines. Family of Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad, Felix and Paz), Juan Luna, and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo. His professor of Greek in Spain said that he never encountered a student who excelled Rizal. He particularly chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his mother's eye ailment. He won literary competitions from a young age. It was in Heidelberg that he learned to use the newly invented ophthalmoscope (invented by the Heidelberg University Professor of Physiology from 1858 to 1871 Hermann von Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. "Ang purpose in Rizal ay dual. Ross Hopkins, president of Hopkins Hospitality, has developed the tasks, durations, and predecessor relationships in the following table for building new motels. I further inquired about Rizals academic records at the University Eye Clinic. Dr Rizal Treating His Own Mother, Romeo Enriquez, 1960. Jose Rizal in romantic Heidelberg: His thoughts on women, Moschino: say the name and its almost impossible not to conjure up images of flamboyant excess, unbridled creativity, and an unapologetic embrace of, The baseline thing I want people to feel is happy! While studying in Germany, Rizal met Pastor Karl Ullmer, who became his friend and welcomed him into his home. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. On the album of this girl, Rizal drew a series of sketches on the story of "The Monkey and the Turtle". Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? In six months, I hope to speak German, study a profession, continue my specialty; in five, living among Filipinos, I have learned French.1(p257-258). Two years later, at Dapitan, he extracted the right cataract. According to Noli Ramos, Commander of the Knights of Rizal in London, Rizal had two reasons why he studied in Germany. Doctor Otto Becker is a German ophthalmologist, particularly on lens pathology. From the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Fla. To register for email alerts, access free PDF, and more, Get unlimited access and a printable PDF ($40.00), 2023 American Medical Association. Accessibility Statement, Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. Rizal studied ophthalmology under renowned doctor Professor Otto Becker at the Heidelberg University Eye Clinic. Dr. Feodor Jagor, Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, Dr. Hans Meyer, and Dr. Rudolf Virchow. He arrived Heidelberg, the university town of Germany on February 3, 1886. Chapter 9 - Rizal's Grand Tour of Europe with, vocab 8A column 1, strong verbs 31-19, kicker, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Hildegard Peplau: Interpersonal Relations / P. Tagalische Verkunst (Tagalog metrical Art). Another popular attraction is the Alte Brcke with its monkey statue. Rizal first studied the eye under the famous French ophthalmologist, Louis de Wecker (1832-1906). The scene reminded me of Rizals letter while he was in Germany dated March 11, 1886 and addressed to his sister Trinidad. The first novel, "Noli Me Tangere" was analytically considered as the "work of the heart" that made the Filipino readers at that time, felt the social injustices or social cancer; and the second novel, "El Filibusterismo", the continuation of the first, was considered as the "work of the head" as it was a political novel.Jose Rizal was not really against Spain or the Catholic Church during that time.