After reading the comments, I double checked the reference and I think they made a mistake. But I was a mediocre 100 sprinter. Answer (1 of 4): As has been said, it's impossible to tell. FOR MORE OF AL.COM'S COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE OF THE NFL, GO TO OUR NFL PAGE. 40y Dash Pace = 03.68. If you need to estimate measurements quickly when you are out and about, download the Moasure App. The author very well understands the game of football as well as dozens of other sporting activities combined with the mechanics and training involved. Calculating the yard conversion factor The 40 is just one of many measurements and does not guarantee performance success. But again speed is nice but not everything in football. It is an all-out sprint at 100% no less. A hand-timed 40y starting the watch on the first movement of the athlete is going to be about 0.16+0.29=0.45 seconds faster than an electronically timed start in a formal track race. McCluster, Dexter 4.58, Wide Receivers 91.44 the conversion factor for 100 yards). Worilds, Jason 4.72 A nice, succinct way of raising a point would be: For world class sprinters, what is potentially the shortest length someone could reach their max speed while sprinting? And during track, we kicked axx. I can't take credit for the formula. English distances for field events should always be expressed as feet. I was not in league with the greats mentioned here, but my 100m was mid-high 10s yet my grass 40y in old Riddell cleats in college football was only 4.55. (In reality, the problem is a nice thing to have, right? Clayton, Keenan 4.66 When I was a kid we ran from dogs, chased kids on bikes, ran from the car we just plugged with a snowball, played hoop, football, or whatever, chased a frisbee or fly-balls for hours, ran hills, chased chicks, ran from the police, played ding dong ditch, jumped in pools and ran, climbed fences trees, etc. I have seen and heard of guys like you that dispute everything. In order to convert from [m] to [m]. Easley, Marcus 4.46 `qpM:>i(%!Pw]] ]usbuausC]AU6"-Z ].|e=rXl(o2*7k.u;A8p&*Lmuwu 4.71, Cornerbacks Los Angeles Raiders running back Bo Jackson carries the ball against the Seattle Seahawks during an NFL game on Dec. 1, 1987. I believe if you read transfer of training if would be better to go just above or below to get close to the predictor of times. I could still run that fast in spikes on a track until I was 40. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. The yard conversion factor is simply the result of converting the distance On the bright side, your you can look it up statement brings humor to the post. How stupid and ignorant are you. Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement, Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement, and Your Privacy Choices and Rights (each updated 1/26/2023). For example, take You have to overcome inertia, then reach top speed as fast as possible. Davis, Dexter 4.64 You cant compare a 100m to 200m, let alone a 40 yard to a 100m), The 100 yard dash is exactly 91.44 meters. (I agree as well that 100m en route splits miss the potential for adjustments in training and racing.) Hughes, Jerry 4.69 If you are getting a flying sprint from combine testing and you are still using yards, convert the 10 yard split with the formula below. During the 1986 combine at the Superdome in New Orleans, Auburn running back Bo Jackson recorded a 4.12-second 40, a feat so extraordinary it's become part of Jackson's legend, a subject for conjecture, speculation and comparison, so much so that current combine stories qualify references to the 4.12 with words such as "reportedly," attribute the time to "rumor," or describe it as an "urban legend.". Quarterbacks If not, train and you will be faster. 40 Yard Dash = 04.19 100y = 09.2 110y = 10.12 40y Dash Pace = 03.68 Convert Time/Mark to Convert What event was it. You guys are missing a very key factor here. In the 100m, you accelerate as long as possible to reach top speed, then maintain top speed. How long is 100 meters? To Marys point, football players might be known for good acceleration because that is critical to a 30-40yard carry. 220 yards to 200 meters subtract .1 sec. Maybe after years of training to carry their speed down the track for 400 meters to get to their potential 400 time. Learn proper running form it helps a lot!! In the second instance, the 400 meter race has a large component of fitness (stamina). due to the drop in top end speed. Also, Jackson told ESPN's Dan Lebatard in 2012 that he ran a 4.13-second 40at the 1986 combine that was electronically timed. Some positions like kick/punt returners, cornerbacks and receivers obviously train for 60+ yards too, but 40 yards or less is usually the focus for all players and is a lot more important based on the nature of the game. Dividing 12.1 by 91.44, we obtain The following chart are National norms using hand times for 16 to 19 year olds. Time/Mark to Convert. Whats the big deal with numbers? Homework is a necessary part of school that helps students review and practice what they have learned in class. 4.3-4.4 is only average? Quarless, Andrew 4.69, Offensive Linemen But they will very likely fade when they hit 70m if they continued running. The best way to convert it backwards from the 100 to the 40 is: 100 time minus 1.17 (blocks and reaction) Then take that time divided by 10. I am a Masters Athlete and Coach currently based in London UK. 440-yard relay to 4x100-meter relay subtract .2 sec. My other projects include the Bud Winter Foundation, writer for the IAAF New Studies in Athletics Journal (NSA) and a member of the Track & Field Writers of America. Washington, Daryl 4.66 Graham, Brandon 4.72 equals 91.44 meters. Click here to download the free ebook of Alberto Juantorenas detailed training workouts leading up to the 1976 Montreal Olympics, Last Updated on April 22, 2014 by Amir Rehman. Then again, the WR for the standing long jump is held by a shot putter, and not a long jumper! Privacy Policy I would like to theorize though that if we had an event for 40 yard dash, that maybe indeed Husain Bolt and other world class 100m sprinters mau not end up the fastest at the 50 , just as most 200m and 400m world class sprinters are not the fastest 100m sprinters. You can take his last 10m segment (0.83 sec) and multiply that by 0.144 to get 0.1195 seconds. (see chart below) These sprinters (among others) are the fastest men in the world in their era, and yet we hear football players with much faster times? Hall, Max 4.87, Running Backs Price, Taylor 4.41 There were even some reports of 9.0 performances. A good or bad 40 yard dash time can make or break a football combine. Dickerson, Dorin 4.40 Moeaki, Tony 4.69 McCoy, Colt 4.79 Football fans can watch the prospects working out at the combine on the NFL Network starting on Friday. The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network. You can find Freeman DVD at championship production. As a coach, I have found it much easier to start with anaerobic alactic and work around until I reach my goal of training either to 500 or 600 meters in distant. Most of the great 40y times that you hear about in football are hand times. McNeal, Shawnbrey 4.56 Robinson, Zac 4.71 Acceleration is a skill and talent that not everyone has. Usain is credited for the 150 meter World Record. Ghee, Brandon 4.45 Harbor, Clay 4.69 Just like 100m specialize in 100 meters, NFL players specialize in 40 yards or less. Circa 1984. When I train anaerobic alactic,I train from 10-80. 330-yard LH to boys 300-meter LH subtract .2 sec. Click here to download the free ebook of Alberto Juantorenas detailed training workouts leading up to the 1976 Montreal Olympics, August 10, 2010 by Jimson Lee 21 Comments. Are flexable? Tennant, Matt 5.16 It would be off the charts if HB, BJ and company trained for the 40. Dickson, Ed 4.67 Ford, Jacoby 4.28 he didn't let up, didn't appear to slow down, but they were still gaining speed and he wasn't. Im making this assessment of your comments as someone who has participated and supported football programs for at least 4 decades. Bolt and other top track men are probably in the 3.90s on a stopwatch starting on his first motion faster than any NFL player. How many football/track guys with (great 40 yard times) run a good 400 meters? In recent years, Jackson's 40 has been a subject of comparison to the times of world-class sprintersto show, oddly enough, that he couldn't have run that time and that he most certainly could have. Renaldo Nehemiah is a name that comes to mind as I think of speed and playing football in the Bay Area. As a formal coach, When training anaerobic alactic first, It helps the sprinter to develop proper running mechians and I have never had a sprinter to pull when training from short to long. TO CONVERT TIME FROM: 100 yards to 100 meters add .9 sec. The sprinter was known for his great starts, and was timed at 3.97 in the 40 yrd distance. Sorry for the newb question but what is a FAT? 100y = 09.2. [deleted] 2 yr. ago. Put any footballer on the starting line with Bolt, have them electronically timed, and then have them start when the gun goes off, so that reaction time also gets included, and I guarantee you that Bolt will bury them in the 40 yard dash. I still admire smaller players in college and fewer in NFL that have not only speed, quickness, agility and mental acuity but mental and physical guts to actually suceed in the sport. As far as the CFL goes, theyll take anyone. Football season is around the corner, so its time for yet another 40 yard dash post.. It doesnt always read the question right so you'll have to check it but besides that theres no issues. Keep it up I am looking forward to see new features being added. oU $e `Z+-OAXyUZ!Sn+]f*6itQT/%jXS>XZceZgCR`/bi!bDo("a9AXXE#aWRdb{4D,MX*C#w(Cied,2>-PKRr60t\_=^*KRUIKHopx#}9]9iQR);[t5- 5 http://www.nfl.com/combine/top-performers The International Association of Athletics Federations says to add 0.24 secondsto hand-timed races to convert to the probable electronic timing. Clear up math Experts will give you an answer in real-time Solve math equation Get support from expert teachers 10.00 1.00 ~ 11 . the same as 3600 inches. Hell most coaches, cant get them to run a 350m TT. So I trained like a 400/800 guy for a bit, came back and had a huge PR in the 200 go figure. Take a measuring tape and measure a distance of 10 metres. In track and field the sprinters react to a gun shot, in combines the timer is an electronic laser so the clock doesnt start until the football player leaves the line. In 1986, when Jackson ran his combine 40, Calvin Smith was the world's fastest human, and his world-record 100-meter time of 9.93 seconds would be 3.63 seconds when reduced to 40 yards. Brown, Jarrett 4.54 I was great even at an early age at the first 10-20 yards but lack body/muscle mass at longer distances to keep accelerating and maibtain speed. it is widely used by the running community due to its ease of use and accuracy. But what would happen if they trained seriously for the event and reached their top speed earlier? Then, Thus, for a man, a 4.6 40 yard dash is (4.6 seconds x 10) + 2 = 48.0. U;I^*piKb%;L(U:e:O8XX&R. http://www.track-tech.com A 4 dvd set for 30.00 and the other by William Freeman formal usatf chairman. I quite agree that the first pass comparison (subtract start, find average speed, extrapolate, add back start) is too simple to make accurate comparisons, and misses the boat for the 60y or 60m dashes because the finish line comes before the end of the acceleration phase for the top sprinters (but just barely) and there is no Maintenance in those races. To an extent the 200m is, but not 100m. We did absolutely no endurance work, no strength work, no work at all. But I doubt not much than a handful below 4.4 or 4.5. /zyqkGHs Kwk8zv$N SaD&b9V;QhAV#Z?jn*^5Sw`89w7AeA"KUm{ what was your best 200 meter time? How Hard Is It To Medal At The New York State Meet? The following are from this years NFL Combine. All it takes is one race to qualify for these. Check out some threads by jhawk and its some other guy that has a long thread and is very knowledgable fullback7 read stuff he has on here its all very helpfulit helped me out. Ego aside, how can a football player have a faster time than a sprinter? 3 0 obj Sorry, but I think yours was the least civil tone in this whole discussion. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Then again, its a hard sell with the 3 down football, but the playing field is much bigger. running event records exist in both meters and yards it is necessary to Offensive Lineman Bruce Campbell Oakland 4th round You say you cant extrapulate a forty from a spit time and even if you could it isnt an accurate reflection of their potential 40 because the dont train for the forty. Its not to say that they dont train on this phase of the race, but rather they probably just dont have that natural ability. o'KS@1 LX[Nn1hetZ0SIN`*`M`_e0&&2hAa1cu *BuB1;]KX[P>+^ZqhAha*;-A] DY'g+]^~Kn-(](E DHvE2RPt@(L(I M^h=Gnd$$Fp e(+H}Z\yTVPt0w]t2LVQ'9*Q}R0SWB*`s:g%!$}a )ZlXX|g: Then again, some 100 meter races are won and lost during those last 8.5 meters! Put another way still, the only way for a world class sprinter to be capable of reaching maximum speed at 30 meters is to become reconditionedhardly a way to improve you 40 time. I have one other note: I was football/track throughout my career and there are more incentives in football there may well be football flyers who could have competed at the top levels in track but had no incentive to drop the generalist training program of football to do so. How far is 100 meters in yards? We don't put the .17 back on because the 40 doesn't typically involve reaction) So, an 11.17 100m for example. time becomes 13.2. 110-yard LH to girls 100-meter LH subtract .1 sec. The answer could vary a huge amount depending on who runs it. 100 yards is the same as 300 feet, which is It all matters. Be patient,seems to me that your coach hasent done a bad job. I meant I was timed 4.6 in8th grade not 4.8 = but probably was most likely only 4.7-4.8. The NFL does not keep official recordsof combine performances. Conner, Kavell 4.63 Cook, Chris 4.46 Let me give you another illustration of how fitness or a lack of fitness can determine ones 400 meter potential. This is considered the combine's "modern" recordfor the 40. I wish they had a contest to see who could produce the fastest boy sprinter in 6 months and let all the athletes have equal times and ability, I would make you guys look like a fool! Degeare, Chris 5.16, Defensive Linemen Convert. the distance of 100 yards. Convert 40y to 100m conversion - I had no idea how fast some of these guys are! mile medley relay to 1600-meter medley relay subtract 1.2 sec. Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. While the 10m will be an average time, it is assumed that the athlete is actually holding speed throughout the sprint. Since One of the quickest and oldest 40 yard dash predictor for 400 meter talent (or any sprinting distance) is running a 40 yard dash. Everyone is entitled to their own opinion. Top reaction and acceleration can sometimes happen quicker in smaller lighter frame sprinters athletes. Graham, Jimmy 4.56 Mary was correct about the rationale for the 40 yard test, you can look it up. Wright, Major 4.48. That of course is rediculous. If someone was that much faster than Ben Johnson or Usain Bolt, perhaps they should take a break from the NFL and compete at the next Olympics or World Championships. If you are referring to NFL times or other informal clockings, that is pure hyperbole and FICTION. These guys leave nothing to chance. Comparing a 40 yard dash and a 100 meter sprint is a moot point, but its fun to dissect and analyze. Based on these results, in theory, you could extrapolate your 100 yard dash time by adding 0.8 seconds if you were an elite sprinter. These are the steps that you should follow in order to make the necessary calculations to convert 100 Meters to Meters. I tried to do things the opposite way when I first came back (to masters), and just succeeded in hurting myself. Miller, Lonyae 4.53 Im not sure why you seem to be talking smack when it doesnt appear that you have been called out by anyone. I looked up a few people with times for both and it seems reasonably close. The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. Nothing against Football players, but they dont train for the 100 meters like true 100 meter sprinters. You talk as if you know everything, but Im willing to bet you havent produce anything. Subtract 0.24 from FAT to HT, and you are looking at 8.6 or 8.7 hand time. You can acheive medeocre(sp?) Does anybody ever use a wind gauge when 40 yard dashes are being timed?? I am a Masters Athlete and Coach currently based in London UK. Lift for strength and explosivness. The 1985 Heisman Trophy winner had the NFL's longest run of the year in three of his four seasons in the league, and he stole 27 bases in 33 attempts in his best big-league season. T LQDl7*(0d>gIt.h# G2!Q( v 3 downs are hard to sell? It was created in 2003 by founder Jason Byrne and has largely remained untouched since then. While showing Jackson, Bolt and Smith can pick them up and lay them down, those mathematical gyrations don't contribute to finding an answer to who ran the fastest 40 at the NFL combine - Jackson or Johnson or, to muddy the waters more, Eastern Kentucky wide receiver Rondel Melendez, who was credited with a 4.24 40in 1999. Running a 100 yard dash in 12.1 is equivalent to running a 100 meter dash in 13.2. Put another way, sow me ANYONE who is capable of reaching his maximum speed by 30 meters and I will show you someone who is without question NOT a world class sprinter. This would result in a phenomenal time of 41.4 seconds for the 400 meter race. Teams that drafted the player with the best time by position in this years NFL draft: Quarterback Jarrett Brown San Francsicso not drafted but signed The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes. Their results in the various drills will be available almost instantaneously on NFL.com. For example: 155-6.5 would be 155 feet and 6.5 inches. Acetic acid and sodium hydroxide titration equation, Evaluate square root functions calculator, How much water i need to drink calculator, Ncert solutions for class 7 history chapter 6, Properties of parallelograms answer key geometry, "solve the system of linear equations by elimination. The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes. (10 yard / time split) * 0.91 = Max Velocity m / s 08 La state championship track & field team. Probably add .15 to.25 to times. Consenting to these technologies will allow us to process data such as browsing behaviour or unique IDs on this site. The (400 meters is mostly a speed endurance race), that is why most sub (44)400 meters runners can run under 1:15 in the 600 meters. And while I agree that the higher ones max velocity, the longer the acceleration phase as a rule, I must disagree that one cannot alter the acceleration phase. 3.674s (the first 30m) + 0.57s (the final 6.576m) = 4.24s 4.24s - 0.10s (the recorded "fastest" reaction time) = 4.14 second 40-yard dash stream Any person runs faster on a rubbery track than they do on sand, or without firm blocks, or blocks at all. Reaction, Acceleration, Transition, Maintenance this way of seeing the 100 m is, in my view, both accurate AND telling when it comes to comparing sprints of different distances. How fast does he run the first 36.5ish meters? Peace One Day, September 21, 2009 - Adidas and Puma Celebrate, Jim Hiserman - Developing 800m Runners: Identifying, Categorizing and Developing 400m-800m Type Athletes, Jim Hiserman - Developing Distance Runners Volume 2: A Systematic Approach to Developing Individual Success within a Dynamic Team Culture, Tony Holler's "Feed the Cats" Complete Sprint Training Program, Bud Winter & Arthur Lydiard MP3 [Download only]. The chart is a fun illustration for discussion purposes. Thus, to calculate a true 40 yard dash potential: You can mix and match the distances and phases around to add up to 40 yards. Football season is around the corner, so its time for yet another 40 yard dash post. I had a sprinter once, very quick, who could beat everyone else out of the start, was ahead at 40-45m, but several would pass him after that. Tate, Ben 4.43 But possible some are legit. Some people reach their top speed quickly, some don't. His 40 time could be 5 seconds for the first 40 yards, or it could be 4.3 (or less) for another section of 40 yards somewhere in between. So, if you have a 10 second 100-yard dash, you are going about 20.5 mph. Maybe a more compact leaner mass/body to leg ratio body type may be better suited or maybe a larger as many big defensive line men can blast good 20-40 yards but perhaps if leeaner, not sure, but thats why I think many high schoolers , 8th grade and up can turn in a good 40 yrd. years ago, on some tv program, there was a sprint race between an Olympic sprinter (Calvin Smith?) Ive coached a long time, and spikes rarely add up to more than 0.1 s in a short sprint. It really comes down to faster tracks, not better training. It seems to me that it would be much more accurate to find the coraltion between 40 times and 400 times if you took elite 400 meter runners (who are close to their potential) and time them in the 40 yd dash.I would asume that a collegite athlete that can run a 48 or 47 400 could easily run a 4.8 or 4.7 40;at the same time im sure their are plenty of high school kids that can run a 4.6 40 that could not run better than a 50. or 49. quarter. Thats all. By any reasonable calculation, he should be able to run 2 (20.7) 200 meter segments, if he were fit. 2023 Copyright I think I would have to call it crap! Players that post the fastest 40 times are often decorated collegiate sprinters as well and could have had tremendous careers in track so its not that surprising that the fastest NFL players post world class 40 times because thats what they train extremely hard for. 2 0 obj I wonder what position Mr. Bolt would be the most effective at if he ever had been brought up to play football. I would submit to you world class sprinter train not only for 40 yards (or rather probably 40 meters) but also 10, 20, 60, and 80 meters. It seems that you are arguing with yourself about a tangential matter that youve perceived. just sayin:). Football players, especially NFL players, ARE world class athletes/runners, often times with world class speed, so dont you think they would want to exploit that talent by making millions in the NFL ? Lots of speed this year for the Bay Area. %`\ HOWEVER, for old-time football players who ran on grass in cleats, the adjustment factor is probably MORE than the reaction time adjustment. Maybe, even though it isn't the fastest 40 time recorded at the combine. How accurate is this formula? Speech, Debate & Theatre Directors & Judges, The Story Behind the Rapid Rise in Sports for Youth with Disabilities, Fouls and Misconduct Clarifications Headline High School Soccer Rules Changes for 2023-24, Emergency Planning, AEDs Saving Lives in Nations High Schools, BAND Named Official Team Communication App of the NFHS, Eight High School Officials Named Award Recipients by NFHS Officials Association, General Instructions for Football Game and Play Clock Operators - 2023, General Instructions for Football Line-to-Gain Crews - 2023, Converting Times: Manual to FAT and from English to Metric Distances. Why? Usain Bolt has a PR and world record of 19.19 seconds for the 200 meter dash. Whether you are talking about 2 yards, 5 yards, 10 yards, 40 yards or even 60 yards, EVERY position on the field relies on speed/quickness HEAVILY and 99% of the time 40 yard and less speed is MUCH more important than 100 meter speed, so that is what they train for and they train their asses off lol. Hello Vince, It's not that simple, because Johnson's 4.24 isn't a true electronic time either - the clock was started by hand. So do we assign Jackson a 4.36-second time and declare Johnson the combine 40 champ? Whats your 1 rep max for the bench press, cling, and squat. endobj Turn your smartphone instantly into a 100m tape measure and a, These are the steps that you should follow in order to make the necessary calculations to convert 100 Meters to Meters. Thomas, Kevin 4.48, Safeties @Fred I think Usain would be better off playing Rugby! Periodend of story. Why work on improving 0.10 seconds when you can improve 1.0 seconds?). They need to be applauded for training for and posting excellent times. if so,what school.What was your best 100 meter time? One of the quickest and oldest 40 yard dash predictor for 400 meter talent (or any sprinting distance) is running a 40 yard dash. Brooks, Dorian 5.16 You may think wow if he can to a 4.45 at 15-1617 what can he do later may actually slow down as they get taller bigger or just slightly faster. This article is aimed for readers born before 1960 when running 100 yards was the norm, especially in the USA. Skelton, John 4.85 When I was in HS, College and now in the Masters ranks, I seem to benefit from focusing on my long sprint endurance first and the doing the short stuff. Butch Reynolds and Lee Evans were not regarded as speed burners, but they were among the greatest 400 meter specialists of all timethrough stamina. Squats, plyometrics all that good fun stuff, core work, I also ran 60m, 50m, 40m, 20m and 10m x 2 twice a week. Perhaps he will shed some light on your perceptions. endobj Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. Mays, Taylor 4.43 While simple, Does anyone else take into consideration the surface where the 40 is run and the shoes that are worn? Officially its a .24 difference, but that is only when you have trained officials and they are standing right beside the gun. If you weren't born with natural speed don't give up because anyone can be fast they just have to work for it and want it, don't half ass anything or you will not get anywhere. Type in the time or mark in the blank above, select the event or function from the drop down menu, and click convert. and a quarter horse. 0$x8[*k(P3%&poqXRU43.i H/xq]HLD H ~. Not consenting or withdrawing consent, may adversely affect certain features and functions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0xbs-aWxyLk, IFAC 2022: The Return of In-Person Conferences (with Virtual option), Here is our 400m Discussion Recording over 2 Hours Long, The Best Free Coaching Book post Beijing 2022 Olympics, The Ultimate 400m Track Webinar for Coaches & Athletes, NACAC Athletics Coaching Science Series 2022, Top Six 400m Predictor Workouts (Number 4 is my Favourite), Why Karsten Warholms 45.94 400mH WR is my Highlight of 2021, Sprinting: 10 Research Articles for Effective Sprint Training [Part 23], Pressure in Sports Reflections from Tokyo 2020 Olympics, For Male athletes = (Time for 40 yards 10) + 2 seconds, For Female athletes = (Time for 40 yards 10) + 4 seconds. Hello Aaron, 50.32 is a good time for 400 meters if it was eletronic time. <> I think this is a good point, but I dont think athletes at the combine in trainers lose more than 0.1, and probably less, relative to sprinters trained to use spikes.